He was twenty-three and she was twenty and they were married in her father's home. Municipal, State, and Federal government officials questioned how many limits they should place on these "Captains of Industry." That same year Flagler completed the Hotel Continental in Jacksonville. Chicago: VisitStAugustine.com. . [citation needed], When looking back at Flagler's life, after Flagler's death, George W. Perkins, of J.P. Morgan & Co., reflected, "But that any man could have the genius to see of what this wilderness of waterless sand and underbrush was capable and then have the nerve to build a railroad here, is more marvelous than similar development anywhere else in the world. Flagler's son dropped out of school and failed to follow his father into business, causing a lifelong rift between the two men. This project sparked Flagler's interest in creating a new "American Riviera." Henry Morrison Flagler (1830-1913) built this church to the glory of God as a memorial to his daughter, Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict, who passed away as a result of childbirth in 1889. New York, NY: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986. [21], Standard Oil gradually gained almost complete control of oil refining and marketing in the United States through horizontal integration. Henry Flagler had realized his dream and slipped quietly from this world at his ocean cottage 'Nautalis' on May 20, 1913, in Palm Beach, Florida. His body was sent to St. Augustine on May 23 where he was laid to rest along side of his his first wife Mary Harkness in the Memorial Presbyterian Church mausoleum built for his daughter Jennie Louise. He was also a key figure in the development of the Atlantic coast of Florida and founder of the Florida East Coast Railway, much of which he built through convict leasing. July, 1975. pg. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. [23] The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. Henry is originated from United States. He was 83 years old. He was born on January 2, 1830 and his birthplace is Hopewell, NY. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. In 1853 Mary married Henry Morrison Flagler and together they were parents of three children. Gainesville, FL. [citation needed], Although Standard Oil was a partnership, Flagler was credited as the brain behind the booming oil refining business. [52] A spouse's mental incapacity was later restored by the legislature as a grounds for dissolution of marriage, and remains the law of Florida today. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. "[35], Flagler and Rockefeller continued to consolidate their oil interests as best they could until New Jersey, in 1909, changed its incorporation laws to effectively allow a re-creation of the trust in the form of a single holding company. 1-17. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. The couple traveled to St. Augustine, Florida, which they . FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. Flagler returned to Bellevue having lost his initial $50,000 investment and an additional $50,000 he had borrowed from his father-in-law and Daniel. Congress concluded that newspapers in Florida and across the South spread the deceitful news against Flagler. Flagler encouraged fruit farming and settlement along his railway line and made many gifts to build hospitals, churches and schools in Florida. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. Though Flagler and Rockefeller had long maintained a policy of active silence with the press, they decided to make themselves more accessible and responded with conciliatory comments such as "capital and labor are both wild forces which require intelligent legislation to hold them in restriction. After two years of institutionalization and much assessment by the courts, Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was legally ruled incurably insane in 1899. It was a small town of roughly 1,000 individuals, but familial connections led to a job at a general store. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. The top-ranked Kenan-Flagler Business School at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill is named for Flagler and his wife, who was an early benefactor of UNC along with her family and descendants. Standiford, Les. Flagler. It was first established in Ohio. At least, not yet. On the condition that Anderson get the city's streets paved, Henry Flagler agreed to buy a portion of that land. He was the baby of the household, being born several years after the youngest of his siblings. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. Ida. Mrs. Along with the Ponce de Leon Hotel complex (which included four buildings in total), Flagler was also spending money on the construction of several other projects, including an estate for himself and his second wife, Ida Alice Flagler. The grand marble building was named by the final Mrs. Flagler herself: "Whitehall." The judge instructed the jury to find them not guilty because the "prosecution had failed to prove 'an agreement of minds with evil intent to conspire'. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). He declined the honor, persuading them to use an old Indian name, "Mayaimi". Henry's birth heralded the beginning of a decade and perhaps a new start for his family. Flagler controlled a vast fortune, which he earned by buying out small oil refineries and creating a monopoly with Standard Oil. It was initially intended to house entertainment amenities for the Ponce de Leon guests but was soon reimagined as its own hotel. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. They had 3 children: Maud Aiken and 2 other children. Flagler and Dan Harkness remained friends and business associates and, in 1852, they opened a distillery. That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. Bowman, Bryan & Kathy Roberts Forde. Mary and Henry's first child was Jennie Louise (born March 1855), then Carrie (born June 1858 and named after Henry Flagler's older half-sister, Caroline), then finally, Harry Flagler (born December 1870). Henry explained: "We worked night and day, making good oil as cheaply as possible and selling it for all we could get. (bosses daughter) Mary Harkness (step cousin) 1853. Pratt and Rogers became Flagler and Rockefeller's partners. It was that shrewd attitude that caught the eye of one John D. Rockefeller. Many people were curious about Henry Flagler's decision to launch a new business venture during his twilight years. St. Augustine, Florida Dr. Shelton had attended Flagler's daughter Jennie Benedict when she died from complications after childbirth in 1889. Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. Henry Flagler passed away May 20, 1913, and the construction of the "Over-Sea" road served as an example of his substantial impact on the state. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. Pratt's son, Charles Millard Pratt, became Secretary of Standard Oil. The rumor mill suspected that this change in priorities was due to Henry's association with one Ida Alice Shourds a red-haired, green-eyed actress who was rumored to have been Mary Harkness Flagler's nursemaid during her final years. As our little daughter is only 8 month old we wanted to provide her a sheltered place to sit in in the 25 degrees and we wanted to visit the house while we swap over looking after her as . To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Standard Oil also had the highest capitalization, totaling $26,000,000 (equivalent to $784million in 2021). Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. A deal brokered by Henry Clay Frick exchanged Standard's iron interests for U.S. Steel stock and gave Rockefeller and his son membership on the company's board of directors. Control of the Flagler fortune largely passed into the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family of sisters and brother, who survived into the 1960s. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. Luckily, the couple found the city to be even more promising than before. It seems that if too many limits had been placed on Henry Flagler's projects, St. Augustine would not be the city we know today. However, the boom did not last. As you can tell, Flagler spared no expense in constructing the Ponce de Leon Hotel, sometimes called 'The Prince of Hotels' by newspapers of the time. Their only son was born in 1870. Both of Henry's parents had been married previously. St. Augustine, FL: Saint Augustine Historical Society, 1978. [11] The cartel received preferential treatment as a high-volume shipper, which included not just steep rebates of up to 50% for their product but also rebates for the shipment of competing products. Henry Flagler's daughter, Jennie Louise Benedict, had a baby girl on February 9, 1889. Henry Flagler's most monumental accomplishment was realized only a year before he died. Resources Having had no prior experience in the salt industry, the Flagler & York company flopped and Henry lost around $100,000 ($100K in 1865 is nearly $2 million in 2022). [31], Standard Oil moved its headquarters to New York City, at 26 Broadway, and Flagler and Rockefeller became central figures in the city's business community. But in the aftermath of that battle, in 1879 the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania indicted Flagler and Rockefeller on charges of monopolizing the oil trade, starting an avalanche of similar court proceedings in other states and making a national issue of Standard Oil's business practices. VisitStAugustine.com. "[55], Flagler allegedly used convicts leased from Florida prison camps, the majority of them African-American, to clear land for the Royal Palm Hotel in Miami and to build the Florida East Coast Railway from West Palm Beach to Miami and the rail extension to Key West. This field trip will walk you through the life of Henry Morrison Flagler and the great impact he made on South Florida. Flagler originally intended West Palm Beach to be the terminus of his railroad system, but in 1894 and 1895, severe freezes hit the area, causing Flagler to reconsider. Flagler's wife died shortly after the partnership was formed. By the start of the Civil War in 1861, Rockefeller was brokering most of the Harkness grain. It was during these early years of employment that young Henry Flagler cut his teeth in business one step closer to the shark he would become. Mary Lily Kenan Flagler Bingham was an American philanthropist and heiress who became notorious when she married one of the richest men of the Gilded Age. Henry Flagler is a famous Entrepreneurwho has a net worth of $60 Million. Two years after her death, he married her nurse, Ida Alice Shourds. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. Together, the three set their sights on opening a distillery that would serve nearby railroad workers. Henry B Flagler was born on month day 1836, at birth place, New York, to Thomas Flagler and Rachael M Flagler. [22] Despite improving the quality and availability of kerosene products while greatly reducing their cost to the public (the price of kerosene dropped by nearly 80% over the life of the company), Standard Oil's business practices created intense controversy. Even when a draft was issued in 1862, requiring American men 18 to 45 to join the service, Henry Flagler did not join the military. Mary Harkness Flagler was the sweet, unpretentious first wife of Henry. Henry had 3 siblings: Melacinda Flagler and 2 other siblings. [1], Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York. As elated as the couple was to meet their first and only son, her condition made planning for Harry's future feel disturbingly somber. That craze mounted when two months later, Flagler filed for divorce in Dade County and was granted such on August 13th, 1901. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. "Henry M. Flagler's Hotel Ponce de Len.". You see, during the Gilded Age [and for far too long after it], women could be sent to a mental institution for just about anything. He was connected with government officials and industry elites. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. The family being of moderate means, Henry struck out from New York to Republic, Ohio in 1844. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. Played by Tom Amandes. Their efforts to monopolize the oil industry are referred to as the 'Cleveland Massacre,' and though John D. Rockefeller is generally more well-known than Henry Flagler, quotes from Rockefeller credit Flagler with the monopolization idea. "I never had an animus against their size and wealth, never objected to their corporate form. Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. When he was 23, Flagler married Mary Harkness, a frail, 20-year-old cousin of Dan Harkness. It was here where Flagler would host his final parties and conduct his final business transactions. In 1882, Flagler and Rockefeller's lawyers created an innovative form of corporation to centralize their holdings, giving birth to the Standard Oil Trust. Col Henry Ostrom & Elizabeth Flagler? After her husband died, Julia and her children returned to Ft. Dallas and purchased 640 acres on the north shore of the Miami River. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. Asylum records from this era show women being admitted and held for ailments such as "suppressed menses", "mental {or} religious excitement", and the infamous catch-all "hysteria". Franklin W. Smith had just finished building Villa Zorayda and Flagler offered to buy it for his honeymoon. An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. She left the millions she inherited to members of her family and to the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Within six years, Henry was earning enough money to purchase a showy Victorian house in Bellevue. However, Henry Flagler did not join his half-brother. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. Augustine. The current sanctuary building that is seen today was built in the late 1880s and early 1890s by gracious donations from Henry Morrison Flagler. Middle child Carrie died just before Christmas in the same year that Henry's mother died (1861). The Early Years of The Ponce de Leon: Clippings from an Old Scrap Book of those days. He is known as the father of Miami, Florida and also founded Palm Beach, Florida. In 1885, Standard Oil moved its corporate headquarters to New York City to the iconic 26 Broadway location. Due to the harsh working and living conditions in the railway construction camps, many workers became victims of debt slavery. In 1887, Congress created the Interstate Commerce Commission, which was tasked with enforcing equal rates for all railroad freight, but by then Standard depended more on pipeline transport. In the early 1900s Flagler, affiliated with John D. Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company, conceived and oversaw the construction of the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad, paving . "1892-A Year of Crucial Decisions in Florida", This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 15:49. Enamoured by what Henry Flagler had been up to down south, droves of rich tourists made that harrowing journey to St. Augustine. 3 episodes. He was even given permission to use the coquina quarry on Anastasia Island to source materials for his state-of-the-art hotels. [53], On August 24, 1901, 10 days after his divorce, Flagler married Mary Lily at her family's plantation, Liberty Hall, and the couple soon moved into their new Palm Beach estate, Whitehall, a 55-room beaux arts home designed by the New York-based firm of Carrre and Hastings, which also had designed the New York Public Library and the Pan-American Exposition. Only his son Harry Harkness Flagler survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. Henry and Mary had two Carrie died at age three. Henry Morrison Flagler was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Instead of attending lunch with his fellow businessmen, he took to hosting grand parties at his new summer estate (which was ominously named "Satan's Toe"). The railroad was financially unable to rebuild the destroyed sections, so the roadbed and remaining bridges were sold to the State of Florida, which built the Overseas Highway to Key West, using much of the remaining railway infrastructure. [36] The court ruled that the trust originated in illegal monopoly practices and ordered it to be broken up into 34 new companies. "For the longest time, I could not imagine why Jean would save Whitehall," said Mr. Ponce. He also used labor agencies to bring around 4,000 new immigrants to Florida who contracted to work until their transportation costs had been paid off. Such incentive led to the development of Miami, which was an unincorporated area at the time. Gainesville, FL. [44], Although Flagler remained on the board of directors of Standard Oil, he gave up his day-to-day involvement in the corporation to pursue his interests in Florida. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. It kept oil prices low to stave off competitors, made its products affordable to the average household, and, to increase market penetration, sometimes sold below cost if necessary. (2022) "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. However there were many reports harsh working conditions and forced indebtedness to the company, and malfeasance by labor agents who hired men for the railway. Hotel Ponce de Leon: The Architecture & Decoration. "[59], In March 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. By the end of this field trip, we hope will you have an understanding of who Henry Flagler was, and the great impact he had on the state of Florida! The Alcazar is today the Lightner Museum, next to the Casa Monica Hotel in St. Augustine that Flagler bought from Franklin W. Smith. When the city was incorporated in 1896, its citizens wanted to honor the man responsible for its growth by naming it "Flagler". Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Whatever the case may be, Flagler focused on his family and his fortune during the years of 1861 to 1865. Version accessed: St. Augustine, FL: Historic Print & Map Company, 2004. 2. Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. The visionary widow from Ohio bought hundreds of acres at what is now Downtown Miami, moved down on a barge, and eventually convinced railroad man Henry Flagler to extend his new railway to the Miami River by sending him an unusual package. Please disable your ad blocker to view the video content. A Second Wife and a Second Career. University Press of Florida. 1888: The Ponce de Leon Hotel in St. Augustine, 1888: The Casa Monica/ Cordova Hotel in St. Augustine, 1894: The Royal Poinciana Hotel in Palm Beach (on Lake Worth), 1897: The Royal Palm Hotel on the banks of the Miami River, 1901: The Breakers Hotel in Palm Beach (on the Atlantic Coast). During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. Imagine how many different perspectives a group of people can have about the same topic. However, a great cloud of bad luck was soon to fall over the Flagler family. Both Elizabeth and Isaac had been married twice before, and Henry had a half- sister (his father's daughter from a previous marriage) named Ann-Caroline, or "Carrie," and a half-brother, Dan Harkness (his mother's . It was due largely to the efforts of Henry M. Flagler and John D. Generally, we are not often able to share specifics about the man himself. When son Harry Harkness Flagler was born in December of 1870, Mary's frail health was greatly weakened by giving birth. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. 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